Pantheism

Pantheism is the belief that God and the universe are identical, making all existence divine. It differs from views that place God beyond or apart from the cosmos.

Panentheism: The view that the universe exists within God, while God also exceeds the universe. It preserves divinity in the cosmos but denies that God and the cosmos are identical.
Stoicism: An ancient Greek and Roman philosophy emphasizing virtue, reason, and living in accordance with nature. Stoic accounts of an immanent divine reason influenced later pantheistic interpretations.
Immanence: The presence or activity of a divine reality within the world, rather than solely beyond it. Pantheism makes divinity immanent by identifying it with the universe.
Religious naturalism: An approach that finds religious meaning in nature without requiring a supernatural realm or personal deity. It offers a nearby way to treat the natural world as religiously significant without asserting God–universe identity.
Classical theism: The belief in a transcendent, personal God who creates and sustains a universe distinct from himself. Its creator–creation distinction directly opposes pantheistic identity.
Plotinus: The third-century philosopher who founded Neoplatonism and taught that all reality derives from the One. His account of reality flowing from a supreme source shaped later discussions, though it is not straightforward pantheism.
Transcendence: Existence or power beyond the limits of the physical world or ordinary experience. Pantheism rejects a God wholly separate from the universe.
Environmental ethics: The study of moral duties toward the natural environment and nonhuman life. Seeing nature as divine can support strong moral regard for ecosystems and living beings.
Deism: The belief that a creator initiated the universe but does not intervene in its operation. It separates God from the universe rather than identifying them.
Baruch Spinoza: A seventeenth-century Dutch philosopher who identified God with the one infinite substance of reality. Spinoza gave pantheism one of its most influential philosophical formulations.

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