Parthenocarpy

Parthenocarpy is fruit development without fertilization. It can produce seedless fruits or fruits containing undeveloped seeds.

Auxin: Auxin is a class of plant hormones that regulates growth and development. Auxin produced by unfertilized ovules or applied externally can initiate fruit growth.
Seedless fruit: Seedless fruit is fruit that lacks mature seeds. Parthenocarpy is one route to seedless fruit, though seedlessness can have other causes.
Stenospermocarpy: Stenospermocarpy is fruit development after fertilization in which seeds abort before maturity. It also produces seedless fruit, but fertilization occurs first.
Theophrastus: Theophrastus was an ancient Greek philosopher whose botanical writings describe plants and cultivation. His accounts include early observations of fruits developing without seeds.
Gibberellin: Gibberellins are plant hormones that regulate growth, seed germination, and developmental transitions. Gibberellin signaling can stimulate fruit set in the absence of fertilization.
Banana: The banana is an edible berry produced by several species and hybrids in the genus Musa. Many cultivated bananas develop parthenocarpically and lack mature seeds.
Apomixis: Apomixis is asexual seed formation in plants without fertilization. Unlike parthenocarpy, apomixis produces seeds without fertilization rather than fruit without it.
Charles Darwin: Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. Darwin investigated fruit development and the effects of stimulation without fertilization.
Fruit set: Fruit set is the transition of a flower ovary into a developing fruit after flowering. Parthenocarpy is fruit set that proceeds without fertilization.
Citrus: Citrus is a genus of flowering trees and shrubs that includes oranges, lemons, and grapefruits. Some citrus cultivars produce fruit parthenocarpically, supporting seedless varieties.

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