Partition of Ireland

The 1921 division of Ireland created Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State, which later became the Republic of Ireland.

Government of Ireland Act 1920: A British statute that established separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. It created the legal framework for dividing Ireland before the 1921 treaty.
Anglo-Irish Treaty: The 1921 agreement that established the Irish Free State as a self-governing dominion within the British Empire. It confirmed Northern Ireland's right to remain outside the new Irish state.
Irish Civil War: A conflict from 1922 to 1923 between opposing factions over the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The treaty and the status of partition divided Irish nationalists into opposing camps.
All-Ireland Republic: A proposed sovereign republic governing the entire island of Ireland. It embodies the all-island outcome rejected by the settlement's separate jurisdictions.
Irish War of Independence: A conflict from 1919 to 1921 between the Irish Republican Army and British forces in Ireland. The war pushed Britain and Irish nationalists toward negotiations over Ireland's future.
Boundary Commission (Ireland): A commission established under the Anglo-Irish Treaty to review the boundary between Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State. Its limited 1925 changes left the partition boundary substantially intact.
The Troubles: A conflict from the late 1960s to 1998 involving republican and loyalist paramilitaries and British security forces in Northern Ireland. Partition's unresolved national and constitutional divisions formed the conflict's enduring backdrop.
Irish Home Rule: A proposed system of self-government for Ireland within the United Kingdom. It offered limited autonomy rather than either partition or full independence.
Easter Rising: An armed insurrection in Dublin in April 1916 that sought to end British rule in Ireland. Its aftermath strengthened Irish republicanism and helped set the path toward independence and partition.
Northern Ireland: A constituent country of the United Kingdom occupying the northeastern part of the island of Ireland. It was the northern jurisdiction created by partition and retained within the United Kingdom.

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