People Power Revolution

A largely nonviolent uprising in the Philippines from February 22 to 25, 1986, that ended Ferdinand Marcos’s rule and brought Corazon Aquino to the presidency.

Ferdinand Marcos: The Philippine president who ruled from 1965 until his ouster in 1986, including years under martial law. His disputed reelection and refusal to relinquish power triggered the uprising.
EDSA: A major highway in Metro Manila, officially named Epifanio de los Santos Avenue. Crowds occupied the avenue where the uprising’s central confrontations unfolded.
1987 Constitution of the Philippines: The constitution ratified in the Philippines in 1987, replacing the Marcos-era constitutional framework. It formalized the democratic order restored after Marcos’s ouster.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre: A democracy movement in Beijing that the Chinese government violently suppressed in 1989. It shows how a mass protest can meet a radically different state response.
Martial Law in the Philippines: The period of military-backed authoritarian rule imposed by Ferdinand Marcos from 1972 to 1981. Its repression and legacy fueled opposition to Marcos before 1986.
Jaime Sin: The Filipino Catholic cardinal who served as archbishop of Manila from 1974 to 2003. His broadcasts urged civilians to protect military defectors, swelling the crowds around them.
Presidency of Corazon Aquino: The Philippine government led by Corazon Aquino from 1986 to 1992. Aquino’s administration faced the task of rebuilding institutions after the uprising.
Iranian Revolution: The 1979 revolution that overthrew Iran’s monarchy and established an Islamic Republic. It contrasts the Philippines’ largely nonviolent transfer with a revolution that dismantled the monarchy.
Ninoy Aquino: A Philippine opposition senator assassinated in 1983 after returning from exile. His killing galvanized opposition and helped make Marcos’s rule a mass political issue.
Juan Ponce Enrile: A Philippine politician and defense minister who joined the 1986 break from Ferdinand Marcos. His defection, alongside Fidel Ramos, gave the opposition a pivotal military foothold.

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