Persian calligraphy

Persian calligraphy is the art of writing Persian script with deliberate attention to letterforms, composition, and line. Its styles range from disciplined scripts to fluid, expressive forms.

Persian alphabet: The Persian writing system, based on the Arabic script and expanded with four additional letters. Its letterforms provide the written forms that calligraphers shape.
Nuqta: A dot used in Arabic-derived calligraphy as a unit for measuring letter proportions. Calligraphers use the pen-made dot to establish script proportions.
Ibn Muqla: A tenth-century Abbasid calligrapher and statesman associated with systematic rules for Arabic script. His proportional principles influenced the broader calligraphic traditions Persian scribes inherited.
Shahnameh: Ferdowsi’s Persian epic poem, completed around the turn of the eleventh century. Its manuscripts offer celebrated settings for Persian calligraphy alongside painted scenes.
Naskh (script): A rounded Arabic script widely used for copying books and printing. Its compact, upright forms contrast with Nastaʿlīq’s pronounced slope and sweep.
Nastaʿlīq: A Persian calligraphic script distinguished by sloping lines, flowing curves, and finely balanced proportions. It became the signature script for Persian literary calligraphy.
Khat (calligraphy): The art and system of calligraphic writing in Arabic-derived scripts. Its rules of line and letter construction underpin Persian calligraphic practice.
Mir Ali Tabrizi: A calligrapher traditionally credited with developing the Nastaʿlīq script in the fourteenth century. His name is closely associated with Nastaʿlīq’s emergence as a Persian script.
Hafez: A fourteenth-century Persian lyric poet whose collected poems are known as the Divan of Hafez. His verses are often copied and displayed in Persian calligraphic compositions.
Thuluth: A monumental Arabic calligraphic script marked by tall letters and sweeping curves. Its monumental proportions differ from the literary page tradition associated with Persian Nastaʿlīq.

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