Phidias

Phidias was an ancient Greek sculptor and artistic director associated with major fifth-century BCE projects in Athens, including the Parthenon and its monumental cult statues.

Athena Parthenos: A colossal chryselephantine statue of Athena made for the Parthenon in the fifth century BCE. Ancient sources associate Phidias with this monumental statue, now known only through descriptions and later copies.
Pericles: An Athenian statesman who led the city during much of the mid-fifth century BCE. Pericles directed the building program with which Phidias’s Athenian career is closely associated.
Chryselephantine sculpture: A sculpture-making technique that combines gold and ivory over a supporting structure. The statues of Athena Parthenos and Zeus at Olympia were described as works in this costly medium.
Alcamenes: A Greek sculptor of the fifth century BCE associated with works in Athens and Olympia. Ancient sources place Alcamenes among the sculptors active in the artistic milieu associated with Phidias.
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World: A traditional list of celebrated monumental constructions and artworks known to ancient Greek writers. The statue of Zeus attributed to Phidias became one of the list’s most famous entries.
Statue of Zeus at Olympia: A colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus housed in the Temple of Zeus at Olympia and counted among the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Ancient accounts identify this celebrated work as one of Phidias’s major creations.
Athenian Acropolis: A fortified hill in Athens that became the site of major sanctuaries and civic monuments. The Acropolis was the central setting for Phidias’s work on Athena’s statues and the Parthenon.
Lost-wax casting: A method for casting metal objects by replacing a wax model with molten metal. Large bronze statues attributed to Phidias depended on the casting practices of Greek metalworkers.
Agoracritus: A Greek sculptor of the fifth century BCE, traditionally described as a pupil of Phidias. His reported connection to Phidias illustrates the master’s workshop and the transmission of sculptural practice.
Roman copies of Greek sculpture: Roman-period reproductions and adaptations of Greek sculptures, often preserving lost compositions. Later copies and descriptions help reconstruct Phidias’s works, many of which no longer survive.

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