Planned obsolescence

Planned obsolescence is the design or marketing of products to limit their useful life or encourage replacement. It can operate through physical failure, restricted repair, changing standards, or perceived loss of desirability.

Durability: Durability is a product’s ability to remain functional under use over time. Reducing durability can make failure arrive sooner than ordinary wear requires.
Electronic waste: Electronic waste consists of discarded electrical and electronic equipment and its components. Shorter replacement cycles add discarded devices to a waste stream that can contain hazardous materials.
Built-in obsolescence: Built-in obsolescence is the inclusion of features or limitations that reduce a product’s useful life. It names the design-centered form often discussed as planned obsolescence.
Phoebus cartel: The Phoebus cartel was an international alliance of light-bulb manufacturers formed in 1924 to control production and markets. Its standardized bulb-life limits became a frequently cited early example of coordinated product-life restriction.
Design for repair: Design for repair makes products easier to diagnose, open, and restore with available parts and tools. Repair-friendly construction counters replacement pressure created by sealed or inaccessible components.
Right to repair: Right to repair is the principle that owners and independent shops should have access to tools, parts, and information for repairs. Repair access challenges practices that make replacement easier than maintaining a product.
Technological obsolescence: Technological obsolescence occurs when newer technology makes an older product less useful or compatible. New standards can displace products without a deliberate plan to shorten their lives.
Bernard London: Bernard London was an American real-estate broker who proposed legally enforced product obsolescence during the Great Depression. His 1932 proposal explicitly advocated setting expiry dates to stimulate demand.
Software obsolescence: Software obsolescence occurs when software support ends or updates make a device less useful or compatible. A working device can become obsolete when its software loses support or compatibility.
Circular economy: A circular economy aims to keep products and materials in use through durability, reuse, repair, and recycling. Longer use and repair offer alternatives to the frequent replacement associated with obsolescence.

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