Population growth

Population growth is an increase in the number of people in a population over time. Its rate depends on births, deaths, immigration, and emigration.

Fertility rate: The average number of children born to individuals or women in a population over a specified period. Higher fertility adds more births, a primary source of population increase.
Crude birth rate: The number of live births per 1,000 people in a population per year. It expresses births as a standardized component of annual population change.
Population projection: An estimate of a future population based on assumptions about fertility, mortality, and migration. Projections turn observed growth patterns into possible future population sizes.
Neolithic demographic transition: The substantial population increase associated with the adoption of agriculture in the Neolithic era. It illustrates how food production changes can support long-term population increase.
Mortality rate: The frequency of deaths in a population during a specified period. Falling mortality can increase population size even when birth rates stay high.
Crude death rate: The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year. It makes the mortality contribution to natural increase comparable across populations.
Demographic dividend: Potential economic growth associated with a rising share of working-age people in a population. Growth changes age composition, which can create economic opportunities under suitable conditions.
Industrial Revolution: The period of rapid industrialization that began in Britain in the eighteenth century and spread elsewhere. Improved production, sanitation, and transport helped alter population growth in industrializing societies.
Net migration rate: The difference between immigration and emigration in a population, relative to its size. Migration changes population size independently of births and deaths.
Total fertility rate: The average number of children a woman would bear under current age-specific fertility rates. It distinguishes reproductive levels from the population's current number of births.

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