Power system stability

Power system stability is the ability of an electric power system to reach or maintain an acceptable operating state after a disturbance, such as a fault or loss of generation.

Rotor angle stability: The ability of synchronous generators to remain in synchronism after a disturbance. It describes whether generator rotors stay coordinated as electrical power flows change.
Synchronous generator: A rotating electrical machine that produces alternating current at a frequency tied to its rotor speed. Its rotor motion underlies classical rotor-angle stability.
Power system stabilizer: A controller that modulates generator excitation to damp electromechanical oscillations. It improves damping of oscillations that threaten small-signal stability.
Power system security: The ability of an electric power system to withstand credible contingencies while continuing to serve load within limits. Security assessment includes stability alongside other post-contingency constraints.
Frequency stability: The ability of a power system to maintain or restore frequency after a severe imbalance between generation and load. Generation-loss events test whether frequency remains within an acceptable range.
Swing equation: A differential equation describing how a synchronous generator rotor accelerates or decelerates under power imbalance. It links disturbance-induced power imbalance to rotor-angle motion.
Automatic generation control: A control process that adjusts generation to maintain system frequency and scheduled power exchanges. It helps restore frequency after generation-load imbalances.
Power system reliability: The ability of an electric power system to provide adequate electricity over time despite failures and changing conditions. Reliability is broader and includes adequacy as well as operational security.
Voltage stability: The ability of a power system to maintain acceptable voltages after a disturbance or increase in load. Reactive-power shortages can drive voltage collapse even when generators remain synchronized.
Reactive power: Alternating-current power that sustains electric and magnetic fields without producing net energy transfer over a cycle. Its availability strongly affects voltage stability.

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