Protein biosynthesis

Protein biosynthesis is the cellular production of proteins by translating messenger RNA into a specific amino-acid sequence. Ribosomes coordinate this process with transfer RNAs and other cellular factors.

Translation (biology): Translation is the cellular process of decoding messenger RNA to assemble a polypeptide. It is the central stage of protein biosynthesis, converting nucleotide sequence into amino-acid sequence.
Messenger RNA: Messenger RNA is an RNA molecule that carries coding information used to direct protein synthesis. Its codon sequence supplies the template read during protein biosynthesis.
Francis Crick: Francis Crick was a British molecular biologist who helped establish DNA's structure and formulate central ideas in molecular biology. His adaptor hypothesis anticipated transfer RNA's role in translating nucleic-acid information.
Polysome: A polysome is a group of ribosomes simultaneously translating the same messenger RNA molecule. Multiple ribosomes let a cell produce many copies of one protein from a single message.
Transcription (biology): Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. It produces many messenger RNAs used in protein biosynthesis but does not assemble amino acids.
Ribosome: A ribosome is a ribonucleoprotein complex that synthesizes proteins by translating messenger RNA. Its subunits bind the message and catalyze peptide-bond formation.
Amino acid: An amino acid is an organic molecule with amino and carboxyl groups; protein amino acids form polypeptide chains. These monomers are the raw materials assembled into the protein product.
Marshall Warren Nirenberg: Marshall Warren Nirenberg was an American biochemist who helped decipher the genetic code. His poly-U experiment showed that UUU specifies phenylalanine, linking RNA sequence to protein sequence.
Co-translational translocation: Co-translational translocation is the movement of a growing polypeptide into or across a membrane during translation. It directs many secreted and membrane proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum as they are made.
Protein folding: Protein folding is the process by which a polypeptide adopts a functional three-dimensional structure. Folding shapes the translation product but is distinct from building its amino-acid sequence.

Linked from 30 pages