Retail banking

Retail banking provides deposits, loans, payments, and related financial services to individuals and small businesses, usually through branches, digital channels, or both.

Checking account: A transaction deposit account used for frequent payments and withdrawals. It is the main account through which many customers receive income and make routine payments.
Bank deposit: Money placed with a bank under an agreement governing access and repayment. Customer deposits provide payment balances and a major source of bank funding.
Investment banking: Financial services that help organizations raise capital, trade securities, and advise on major transactions. It primarily serves corporations and investors rather than households and small firms.
Financial inclusion: The availability and use of affordable, suitable financial services across a population. Retail banking can connect underserved people to accounts, payments, and credit.
Savings account: A deposit account that holds money for future use and typically pays interest. It gives retail customers a liquid place to keep funds while earning interest.
Fractional-reserve banking: A banking system in which banks hold some deposits as reserves and lend other funds. Lending transforms deposit funding into credit while banks manage liquidity obligations.
Commercial banking: Banking services focused mainly on businesses, including corporate lending and cash management. Its larger business clients and financing needs distinguish it from consumer-focused retail banking.
Bank run: A rapid withdrawal of deposits driven by fears that a bank cannot meet its obligations. Retail depositors’ confidence can determine whether funding remains stable during a crisis.
Mortgage loan: A loan secured by real estate, commonly used to purchase a home. Home lending is one of retail banks’ largest and longest-term customer services.
Credit scoring: The use of data and statistical methods to estimate a borrower's credit risk. Banks use scores to assess consumer loan applications and set credit terms.

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