Revisionism

Revisionism is a political label for efforts to revise established Marxist doctrine, especially by favoring gradual parliamentary reform over revolutionary rupture.

Eduard Bernstein: German Social Democratic theorist whose writings argued for revising Marxist strategy toward democratic reform. His arguments made revisionism a defining controversy within European socialism.
Social Democratic Party of Germany: A German political party that became a major force in organized socialism and parliamentary politics. Its electoral growth supplied the practical setting for Bernstein’s reformist arguments.
Orthodox Marxism: A strand of Marxist thought that emphasizes fidelity to inherited doctrine and revolutionary theory. It names the position revisionists were accused of departing from.
Khrushchev Thaw: A period of limited political and cultural liberalization in the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin’s death. Hard-line critics portrayed Nikita Khrushchev’s reforms as revisionist.
Evolutionary Socialism: Eduard Bernstein’s case for pursuing socialism through democratic institutions and gradual reforms. Bernstein gave revisionist politics its clearest programmatic expression.
Parliamentary socialism: A strategy for pursuing socialist policies through elections, legislation, and representative institutions. It is the central political method associated with revisionist Marxism.
Bolshevism: The revolutionary Marxist movement led by Vladimir Lenin that seized power in Russia in 1917. Its insurrectionary strategy sharply contrasts with gradual parliamentary revisionism.
Sino-Soviet split: The political and ideological rupture between the Soviet Union and China during the 1950s and 1960s. Chinese leaders accused Soviet leaders of revising revolutionary Marxism.
Erfurt Program: The 1891 program of Germany’s Social Democratic Party, combining Marxist analysis with practical political demands. Bernstein later challenged tensions between its revolutionary theory and parliamentary practice.
Reformism: A political strategy that seeks substantial change through gradual reforms within existing institutions. Revisionism is a Marxist debate about reformism’s compatibility with socialist theory.

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