Rif War

The Rif War was a conflict in northern Morocco in which Spain and France fought the Rif Republic from 1921 to 1926. Its defeat ended the republic and brought the Rif under Moroccan rule.

Battle of Annual: A 1921 battle in which Rif forces routed a Spanish army in northeastern Morocco. The Spanish defeat triggered a collapse of colonial control and helped ignite the wider war.
Abd el-Krim: A Rif leader who founded the Rif Republic and directed resistance to Spanish and French rule. His strategy and political leadership sustained the republic through its early victories.
Treaty of Fez: The 1912 agreement that established a French protectorate over most of Morocco and a Spanish zone in the north. Its division of Morocco gave Spain and France competing colonial responsibilities around the Rif.
Rif Republic: An independent state proclaimed by Abd el-Krim in the Rif region in 1921. Its defeat in 1926 ended the political project at the center of the war.
Algerian War: A war from 1954 to 1962 in which Algerian nationalists fought to end French rule. Unlike the Rif conflict, it became a sustained independence war against a single colonial power.
Landing at Al Hoceima: A 1925 amphibious landing by Spanish forces at Al Hoceima during the Rif War. The landing opened a decisive front against the Rif Republic’s heartland.
Manuel Fernández Silvestre: A Spanish general whose advance into the Rif ended in defeat at Annual in 1921. His campaign helped precipitate the Spanish disaster that transformed the war.
Spanish conquest of Morocco: Spain’s military expansion into its Moroccan zone during the early twentieth century. The drive to secure the zone brought Spanish forces into conflict with Rif communities.
Spanish coup of 1923: The military coup led by Miguel Primo de Rivera that established a dictatorship in Spain. The war’s failures and political fallout formed part of the setting for the coup.
Moroccan Revolution of 1953–1956: The nationalist struggle that helped end the French and Spanish protectorates and restore the Moroccan monarchy. It achieved independence through a different political and military context than the Rif Republic’s revolt.

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