San Francisco Conference

The San Francisco Conference was the 1945 diplomatic meeting where representatives negotiated and signed the United Nations Charter, establishing the United Nations.

United Nations Charter: The founding treaty of the United Nations, defining its purposes, organs, powers, and membership rules. Delegates negotiated and signed this treaty at the conference.
Atlantic Charter: A 1941 statement by Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill setting out principles for the postwar international order. Its principles helped establish the political case for a new international organization.
Edward Stettinius Jr.: A U.S. diplomat who served as secretary of state and chaired the United Nations founding conference. He presided over the meeting as the chief representative of its host country.
Founding of the United Nations: The establishment of the United Nations in 1945 under the Charter negotiated at San Francisco. The conference’s principal outcome was the creation of this organization.
Dumbarton Oaks Conference: A 1944 diplomatic conference that produced proposals for the structure of a postwar international organization. Its proposals supplied the principal framework that San Francisco delegates revised.
Declaration by United Nations: A 1942 declaration in which Allied states pledged cooperation against the Axis powers and accepted the name United Nations. The wartime coalition behind this declaration later sponsored the San Francisco meeting.
Andrei Gromyko: A Soviet diplomat who served as the Soviet ambassador to the United States during World War II. He defended Soviet positions in negotiations over the Security Council and veto.
United Nations Security Council veto power: The authority of each permanent Security Council member to block substantive Council decisions. The conference retained the veto as the price of major-power participation.
Yalta Conference: A February 1945 meeting where Allied leaders agreed on postwar arrangements, including voting rules for the proposed Security Council. Its compromise on great-power voting constrained negotiations over the Charter.
Moscow Declaration: A 1943 declaration by China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States supporting a general international organization after the war. It publicly committed the four powers to convene a founding conference.

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