Linked from

The 23 pages that link to Second Opium War, each with the reason it gives.

• Taiping RebellionRelated: The Qing had to contend with this foreign war while fighting the Taiping.

• First Opium WarRelated: It renewed foreign military pressure to expand privileges won after the first war.

• Self-Strengthening MovementRelated: Its invasion of Beijing sharpened pressure to acquire Western military capabilities.

• Empress Dowager CixiRelated: Its defeat and the Xianfeng court’s flight formed the immediate backdrop to the 1861 succession.

• Treaty of AigunRelated: Qing preoccupation with this war helped Russia negotiate from a position of strength.

• Treaty portsRelated: Its settlement expanded foreign access to Chinese cities and inland trade.

• British Hong KongRelated: Its settlement transferred the Kowloon Peninsula south of Boundary Street to Britain.

• Tongzhi RestorationRelated: Its defeat exposed Qing weaknesses and intensified pressure for military and diplomatic reform.

• Xianfeng EmperorRelated: The Qing defeat forced concessions during Xianfeng’s rule.

• ShantouRelated: Its outcome produced treaty arrangements that opened Shantou to foreign trade.

• Amur AnnexationRelated: Qing China’s military crisis during the war gave Russia leverage in treaty negotiations.

• Charles George GordonRelated: Gordon's service in China began with the British occupation during this war.

• Felice BeatoRelated: Beato photographed the British-led campaign in China, including its aftermath.

• Foreign-controlled territories in ChinaRelated: Its settlement further widened foreign access and strengthened the treaty-port system.