Seven Summits

The Seven Summits are the highest mountains on each of the seven traditionally defined continents. Climbing all seven is a mountaineering challenge whose list varies with geographic definitions.

Mount Everest: Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, on the Nepal–China border. It is the highest peak in Asia and the challenge's most demanding objective.
Carstensz Pyramid: Carstensz Pyramid, also called Puncak Jaya, is a mountain in western New Guinea and the highest peak on an island commonly assigned to Oceania. The Bass list uses it instead of Kosciuszko for Oceania.
Richard Bass: Richard Bass was an American businessman and mountaineer who completed the Seven Summits in 1985. His project established the Bass list and popularized the challenge.
Mountaineering: Mountaineering is the sport and practice of climbing mountains, often involving technical terrain, altitude, and expedition planning. The Seven Summits are a multi-expedition goal within this broader activity.
Adventure tourism: Adventure tourism is travel centered on physically demanding or risk-bearing activities in natural environments. Commercial expeditions have made several Seven Summits ascents accessible to paying clients.
Aconcagua: Aconcagua is a mountain in the Andes of Argentina and the highest peak outside Asia. It represents South America on the Seven Summits lists.
Mount Kosciuszko: Mount Kosciuszko is a mountain in Australia's Snowy Mountains and the country's highest peak. The Bass list counts it as the highest peak of Australia.
Reinhold Messner: Reinhold Messner is an Italian mountaineer known for high-altitude ascents, including the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. His alternative list substituted Carstensz Pyramid for Mount Kosciuszko.
High-altitude mountaineering: High-altitude mountaineering is mountain climbing at elevations where reduced oxygen impairs physical and cognitive performance. Everest and Aconcagua make acclimatization and altitude risk central to completing the list.
Mountaineering commercialization: Mountaineering commercialization is the growth of paid guiding, outfitting, and logistical services for mountain ascents. Commercial operators help organize the costly and technically varied Seven Summits campaign.

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