Sino-Nepalese War

The Sino-Nepalese War was a conflict between Nepal and Qing China, fought mainly in Tibet from 1788 to 1792. It ended with Nepal accepting tributary relations with China.

Gorkha invasion of Tibet: Nepalese forces invaded Tibet in 1788, occupying territory and demanding payment from the Qing authorities. This opening campaign triggered Qing intervention and the wider conflict.
Kingdom of Gorkha: A Himalayan kingdom that unified much of present-day Nepal under the Shah dynasty in the eighteenth century. Its expansion produced the Nepalese state that fought Qing China.
Tributary state: A polity that acknowledged a superior power through formal tribute and diplomatic ritual while retaining internal government. This relationship describes Nepal’s formal status after the peace agreement.
Fuk'anggan: A Qing general who led the imperial expedition into Tibet and Nepal during the final phase of the war. His campaign forced Nepal to accept the settlement’s terms.
Battle of Jangmu: A 1792 battle in which Qing forces defeated Nepalese troops near the border in the final campaign of the war. The Qing victory reversed Nepal’s gains and pushed its forces toward negotiations.
Prithvi Narayan Shah: The Gorkha king who began the unification of Nepal through military campaigns in the eighteenth century. His consolidation created the kingdom whose successors invaded Tibet.
Qing rule in Tibet: The Qing empire’s political and military authority over Tibet, exercised through imperial officials and regional institutions. The war reinforced Qing intervention in Tibetan affairs.
Changkya Rölpé Dorjé: A Tibetan Buddhist lama and Qing imperial adviser who served as an interpreter and mediator in Himalayan affairs. His linguistic and diplomatic work helped communicate between Qing officials and Nepalese representatives.
Qing expedition to Tibet: A Qing military campaign that advanced into Tibet and Nepal during the 1791–1792 phase of the war. Its advance into Nepal compelled the Gorkha court to seek peace.
Bahadur Shah of Nepal: A Nepalese regent who directed the kingdom’s expansion and diplomacy during the late eighteenth century. He governed Nepal during the invasion and the war’s first phase.

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