Tibet under Qing rule

From the eighteenth century to the early twentieth century, Qing China exercised varying degrees of authority in Tibet through imperial officials, military interventions, and local institutions.

Amban: An imperial resident official stationed in Tibet to represent Qing authority and oversee relations with Tibetan leaders. Ambans were the Qing court’s principal resident agents in Lhasa.
Güshi Khan: A Khoshut Mongol ruler whose military campaign helped establish the Fifth Dalai Lama’s government in Tibet. His political settlement preceded and shaped Qing involvement in Tibet.
Qing expedition to Tibet (1720): A Qing military campaign that expelled Dzungar forces from Lhasa and installed the Seventh Dalai Lama. It established a stronger Qing role after the Dzungar occupation.
Sino-Tibetan relations: The political, cultural, and economic relations between Tibetan polities and Chinese states. Qing-era arrangements became a central reference point in later disputes over sovereignty.
Dalai Lama: The title of the leading hierarch of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, traditionally associated with political leadership in Tibet. The Dalai Lama’s government shared authority with Qing officials, with the balance shifting over time.
Fifth Dalai Lama: The Tibetan Buddhist leader who unified much of Tibet and established the Ganden Phodrang government in the seventeenth century. His government formed the institutional foundation Qing rulers later dealt with.
Gurkha invasions of Tibet: Nepalese invasions of Tibet in 1788 and 1791 that led to a major Qing military response. The invasions prompted new regulations and a renewed assertion of Qing authority.
Thirteenth Dalai Lama: The Tibetan leader who returned from exile in 1912 and asserted Tibet’s independence from Qing rule. His actions followed the Qing collapse and ended the period of Qing authority.
Tibetan Kashag: The council of ministers that administered the Tibetan government under the Dalai Lama. The Kashag handled internal administration within the Qing-era political arrangement.
Dzungar–Qing War: A series of conflicts in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries between the Qing empire and the Dzungar Khanate. The struggle over Dzungar power brought Qing armies into Tibetan affairs.

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