State responsibility

State responsibility is the body of international law governing the consequences of conduct attributable to a state that breaches an international obligation.

Internationally wrongful act: Conduct attributable to a state that breaches an international obligation binding on it. This is the threshold event that gives rise to state responsibility.
International legal personality: The capacity to hold rights and duties, and to make claims, under international law. States bear international obligations because they possess legal personality.
Factory at Chorzów case: A 1928 Permanent Court of International Justice judgment on reparation for an unlawful expropriation. Its formulation of full reparation remains a foundational account of the remedy.
International responsibility of international organizations: Rules governing the consequences when an international organization commits an internationally wrongful act. It applies a parallel responsibility framework to organizations rather than states.
International Law Commission: A United Nations body that promotes the progressive development and codification of international law. It drafted the principal modern text on state responsibility.
Attribution in international law: The rules connecting conduct by persons or entities to a state for purposes of international law. Responsibility requires conduct to count legally as an act of the state.
Sources of international law: The recognized forms through which rules of international law are identified, including treaties and custom. A breach can be established only by identifying the applicable international rule.
Corfu Channel case: A 1949 International Court of Justice judgment concerning Albania's responsibility for mines in its waters and Britain’s passage through the channel. The case illustrates state duties of notification and prevention in a dangerous situation.
Individual criminal responsibility: The personal liability of individuals for crimes under international law. It concerns personal punishment, not the state's responsibility for wrongful conduct.
Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts: The 2001 International Law Commission articles setting out general rules on state responsibility. They systematize the framework, though they are not themselves a treaty.

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