Sub-Roman Britain

Sub-Roman Britain is the period after Roman imperial government in Britain ended, roughly from the early fifth to the seventh century. It was marked by political fragmentation and changing patterns of settlement, language, and material culture.

Roman withdrawal from Britain: The retreat of Roman military and administrative authority from Britain in the early fifth century. Its loss of imperial authority marks the conventional beginning of the period.
Brittonic kingdoms: Post-Roman polities ruled by Brittonic-speaking peoples in Britain. They show how authority reorganized after Roman administration disappeared.
Roman Britain: The province and society governed by Rome in Britain from the first to the early fifth century. Its institutions and built environment formed the inheritance of the post-Roman period.
Tintagel: A coastal site in Cornwall with substantial evidence of elite activity and Mediterranean trade in the post-Roman period. Its imported goods challenge the idea that all regions became isolated after Rome.
Old English: The earliest recorded form of the English language, used from roughly the seventh century to the eleventh. Its emergence reflects the growth of Germanic-speaking communities and kingdoms.
Rescript of Honorius: A reported imperial message, dated around 410, telling British cities to arrange their own defence. It is often linked to the abandonment of Roman protection, though its exact meaning is debated.
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Early medieval kingdoms in Britain whose ruling elites spoke Germanic languages. Their expansion altered the balance of power across much of Britain.
Roman roads in Britain: A network of roads built or developed under Roman rule to connect settlements and military sites. Roads remained physical links even as the state that maintained them vanished.
Wroxeter: The site of Viroconium, a major Roman town in what is now Shropshire. Its post-Roman occupation provides evidence for continued urban life in some places.
Welsh history: The history of Wales and its peoples, including the development of Welsh political and cultural traditions. Brittonic societies preserved distinct identities as new kingdoms formed across Britain.

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