Suburbanization

Suburbanization is the growth of suburbs as people, businesses, and activities move from central cities into surrounding areas. It reshapes settlement patterns and the relationship between cities and their hinterlands.

Automobile dependency: A pattern in which daily life depends heavily on private cars because alternatives are limited or impractical. Car-oriented travel made homes and workplaces farther from city centers easier to reach.
Streetcar suburb: A residential district built beyond a city center and connected to it by streetcar lines. Streetcar suburbs show that outward residential growth preceded mass automobile ownership.
Urban decline: A sustained loss of population, economic activity, or public investment in an urban area. Population and jobs moving outward contributed to decline in some central-city neighborhoods.
Urbanization: The increasing concentration of people and activities in urban areas. Urbanization concentrates population in cities, while suburbanization shifts growth toward their outskirts.
Highway system: A network of major roads designed for high-speed travel between and through regions. Highways connected peripheral subdivisions to central-city jobs and services.
Garden city movement: An urban-planning movement founded by Ebenezer Howard to combine town and country advantages. Its ideas influenced planned communities that offered suburban living with an orderly design.
Metropolitan segregation: The separation of racial or socioeconomic groups across a metropolitan region's neighborhoods and municipalities. Unequal housing access and exclusionary suburbs reinforced separation beyond city boundaries.
Counterurbanization: The movement of people and economic activity from large urban areas toward smaller settlements and rural regions. It extends population movement beyond suburbs into small towns and rural areas.
Single-family zoning: Land-use rules that reserve areas primarily for detached houses occupied by one household. Exclusion of apartments and mixed uses directed much suburban growth toward low-density housing.
Redlining: The denial or restriction of credit and services in areas associated with racial minorities. Redlining shaped who could obtain mortgages and where investment flowed during suburban growth.

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