Sudan

Sudan is a country in northeastern Africa, bordered by Eritrea to the east and northeast. Its capital is Khartoum, where the Blue Nile and White Nile meet.

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan: A condominium administered by Britain and Egypt from 1899 until Sudanese independence in 1956. Its administration shaped the borders and institutions inherited by independent Sudan.
Sudanese civil wars: A series of armed conflicts between Sudan’s government and opposition movements, especially in the south and west. These conflicts repeatedly challenged the authority and territorial unity of the Sudanese state.
Nile: A major African river formed by the White Nile and Blue Nile, flowing north through Sudan and Egypt. Its course connects Sudan’s settlements and agriculture to the wider Nile basin.
South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011: A 2011 vote in which an overwhelming majority in southern Sudan chose independence from Sudan. The referendum implemented the peace agreement’s promise of self-determination.
Mahdist War: An 1881–1899 uprising and conflict in Sudan led by Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi. The Mahdist state briefly displaced Egyptian rule before Anglo-Egyptian conquest.
War in Sudan (2023–present): An armed conflict that began in 2023 between Sudan’s armed forces and the Rapid Support Forces. The fighting grew from a power struggle within Sudan’s military-led government.
Blue Nile: A major Nile tributary that rises in Ethiopia’s Lake Tana and meets the White Nile at Khartoum. Its confluence with the White Nile gives Khartoum its strategic river setting.
Sudanese revolution: A 2018–2019 mass protest movement that helped remove President Omar al-Bashir from power. It ended Bashir’s long rule but did not settle who would govern Sudan.
Sudanese independence: The end of Anglo-Egyptian rule and establishment of Sudan as an independent state in 1956. Independence established the country whose later political struggles shaped its history.
Rapid Support Forces: A Sudanese paramilitary force formed from the Janjaweed militias and led by Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo. Its rivalry with the regular army triggered the 2023 war.

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