Suez Crisis

The 1956 international conflict that followed Egypt’s nationalization of the Suez Canal and the invasion of Egypt by Israel, Britain, and France. U.S. and Soviet pressure helped force the invaders to withdraw.

Suez Canal nationalization: Egypt’s July 1956 transfer of the Suez Canal Company to state control. Nasser’s nationalization triggered the invasion that began the crisis.
Suez Canal: An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. Its strategic route and revenue made control of the canal central to the confrontation.
Guy Mollet: French prime minister from 1956 to 1957 who supported military intervention against Egypt. He helped forge the French-Israeli-British collaboration behind the invasion.
United Nations General Assembly Resolution 997: A 1956 UN General Assembly resolution calling for a ceasefire, withdrawal, and measures to reopen the Suez Canal. It provided the international framework for halting hostilities and arranging withdrawal.
Cuban Missile Crisis: A 1962 confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba. Unlike Suez, it centered on a direct superpower standoff and nuclear escalation.
Protocol of Sèvres: A secret 1956 agreement in which Israel, Britain, and France coordinated their plan to attack Egypt. It set the covert sequence of attacks used to justify British and French intervention.
Anglo-Egyptian Treaty of 1936: An agreement that ended Britain’s occupation of most of Egypt while allowing British forces to remain near the Suez Canal. Its limits on Egyptian sovereignty fed disputes over British influence around the canal.
David Ben-Gurion: Israel’s prime minister from 1948 to 1954 and 1955 to 1963. He authorized Israel’s invasion of Sinai as part of the coordinated operation.
Suez Canal reopening: The restoration of commercial navigation through the Suez Canal in April 1957 after its wartime closure and clearance. Reopening followed the withdrawal and removal of obstructions from the waterway.
Six-Day War: The 1967 Arab-Israeli war in which Israel captured the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, East Jerusalem, and Golan Heights. It was a later Arab-Israeli war whose territorial outcome differed sharply from Israel’s 1956 withdrawal.

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