Suharto

Suharto was an Indonesian military officer and politician who served as president from 1967 to 1998. His New Order government combined military-backed rule, economic development, and extensive political repression.

New Order: The Indonesian political order established under Suharto, marked by military influence, centralized rule, and state-led development. This was the system through which Suharto consolidated and maintained power.
Dwifungsi: The Indonesian military doctrine assigning the armed forces both defense and sociopolitical roles. Dwifungsi embedded military officers in government and public institutions under Suharto.
Indonesian National Revolution: The armed and diplomatic struggle from 1945 to 1949 that secured Indonesia’s independence from the Netherlands. Suharto served as an officer during the revolution, which shaped his military career.
T.B. Simatupang: An Indonesian army officer and Christian intellectual who served as chief of staff of the armed forces from 1950 to 1953. His generation of officers helped shape the institution in which Suharto advanced.
Guided Democracy: Sukarno’s system of Indonesian government from 1959 to 1965, which concentrated authority in the presidency and curtailed parliamentary competition. Suharto displaced this system while retaining centralized presidential power in a different form.
Reformasi: The political reform movement that ended Suharto’s presidency and sought democratic change in Indonesia. Suharto’s resignation in 1998 opened the period of Reformasi.
Golkar: An Indonesian political organization that dominated elections and government during the New Order. Golkar supplied Suharto’s regime with an electoral vehicle and civilian political network.
30 September Movement: A 1965 movement in Indonesia associated with the killing of six army generals and an attempted shift in political power. The crisis gave Suharto the opening to take command and sideline President Sukarno.
Adam Malik: An Indonesian journalist, diplomat, and politician who served as vice president under Suharto from 1978 to 1983. Malik held senior office within the New Order after an earlier career in Indonesian diplomacy.
Democratic transition: A process through which a political system moves from authoritarian rule toward competitive democratic institutions. Indonesia’s post-Suharto transition contrasts with the controlled politics of the New Order.

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