The Troubles

The Troubles was an ethno-nationalist conflict centered on Northern Ireland from the late 1960s to 1998, involving republican and loyalist groups, British security forces, and civilians.

Northern Ireland civil rights movement: A campaign in the late 1960s for equal political and civil rights for Catholics in Northern Ireland. Its marches and demands exposed discrimination that helped trigger the conflict.
Partition of Ireland: The 1921 division of Ireland into Northern Ireland and the Irish Free State, later the Republic of Ireland. It created the border and rival national allegiances at the conflict's core.
John Hume: An Irish nationalist politician who helped develop the peaceful strategy that led toward the Good Friday Agreement. His dialogue with unionist and republican leaders helped make a political settlement possible.
Good Friday Agreement: The 1998 agreement establishing power-sharing and new political relationships to address the conflict in Northern Ireland. It set the terms for ending most organized violence and governing through consent.
Provisional Irish Republican Army: An Irish republican paramilitary organization that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland and unite Ireland. Its armed campaign became a central strand of republican violence.
Government of Ireland Act 1920: A British law that established separate parliaments for Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland. It laid the legal groundwork for Northern Ireland's distinct political institutions.
Gerry Adams: An Irish republican politician who led Sinn Féin from 1983 to 2018 and supported the peace process. He became a principal republican interlocutor in negotiations that helped end the IRA campaign.
Northern Ireland Assembly: The devolved legislature for Northern Ireland, established under the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Power-sharing institutions translated the settlement into a new system of government.
Ulster Volunteer Force: A loyalist paramilitary organization that opposed Irish unification and used violence to defend Northern Ireland's place in the United Kingdom. Its attacks on Catholics and nationalists intensified communal fear and retaliation.
Unionism in Ireland: A political tradition that supports maintaining Ireland, or Northern Ireland, within the United Kingdom. Unionist attachment to the UK shaped loyalist mobilization and resistance to Irish unity.

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