Title IX

Title IX is a United States federal civil-rights law prohibiting sex discrimination in education programs and activities that receive federal financial assistance.

Education Amendments of 1972: A 1972 United States law that revised federal education policy and included Title IX. Title IX is the education-discrimination provision enacted within this broader law.
Gender equity in sports: Fair access and treatment for people of different genders in organized sports. Title IX is widely applied to participation opportunities and athletic benefits.
Patsy Mink: A United States representative from Hawaii who co-authored the legislation that became Title IX. Her legislative work helped establish the provision’s passage.
Equal Protection Clause: The Fourteenth Amendment provision requiring states to provide equal protection of the laws. Unlike Title IX, it directly constrains state action rather than conditioning federal education funds.
Women’s sports: Organized athletic competition involving women and girls. Expanded educational athletic opportunities are among Title IX’s most visible effects.
Title IX regulations: Federal regulations that interpret and implement Title IX in education programs receiving federal assistance. They translate the statute into institutional duties and procedures.
Sexual harassment in education: Unwelcome sexual conduct in educational settings that can impede equal access to education. Schools may have Title IX duties when harassment creates barriers to education.
Bernice Sandler: An American educator and activist whose complaints helped spur federal action against sex discrimination in education. Her advocacy brought institutional discrimination in education to lawmakers’ attention.
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964: A federal law prohibiting employment discrimination by covered employers, including discrimination based on sex. Title VII governs employment broadly, while Title IX concerns federally funded education programs.
Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women: An organization that governed women’s collegiate sports in the United States before the NCAA assumed that role. Its decline reflects institutional changes accompanying Title IX-era expansion.

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