Tongmenghui

The Tongmenghui was a Chinese revolutionary organization founded in Tokyo in 1905 to overthrow Qing rule and establish a republic. Sun Yat-sen led it, and it became a major predecessor of the Kuomintang.

Sun Yat-sen: A Chinese revolutionary and political leader who became the first provisional president of the Republic of China. He founded and led the Tongmenghui, giving its factions a shared political program.
Three Principles of the People: Sun Yat-sen’s political program of nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood. The Tongmenghui adopted these principles as its central ideological platform.
Xinhai Revolution: The 1911 revolution that ended Qing rule and led to the establishment of the Republic of China. Tongmenghui members joined the movement that brought about the dynasty’s collapse.
Hundred Days' Reform: A failed 1898 effort to modernize Qing China through rapid reforms issued by the Guangxu Emperor. It sought change within imperial rule, unlike the Tongmenghui’s call to overthrow the dynasty.
Tokyo: The capital of Japan and a center of Chinese political exile in the early twentieth century. The Tongmenghui was founded there in 1905 among Chinese students and exiles.
Huang Xing: A Chinese revolutionary and military organizer who became one of Sun Yat-sen’s closest collaborators. He helped build the organization and directed revolutionary action on the ground.
Wuchang Uprising: The October 1911 revolt in Wuchang that triggered the collapse of Qing authority across China. Its outbreak accelerated the revolution Tongmenghui members had long sought.
Constitutionalism in China: The movement to limit imperial power and establish constitutional government in late Qing China. Constitutionalists pursued political change without initially demanding the Qing dynasty’s abolition.
Xingzhonghui: A revolutionary society founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1894 to overthrow the Qing dynasty. It was one of the organizations folded into the Tongmenghui.
Chinese diaspora: Communities of people of Chinese origin living outside China. Overseas supporters supplied the Tongmenghui with recruits, funds, and political reach.

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