Translation studies

Translation studies is the academic field that examines written translation, interpreting, and related practices, products, theories, and their cultural and social contexts.

Translation: Translation transfers meaning from a source language into a target language. This broad practice is the field’s central object of study.
Skopos theory: Skopos theory explains translation choices through the intended purpose of the target text. It makes purpose, rather than source-text similarity alone, the guiding principle.
James S. Holmes: James S. Holmes was a translation scholar whose 1972 essay outlined a map of the discipline. His framework helped establish translation studies as a distinct field.
Machine translation: Machine translation is the automatic conversion of text or speech from one language to another by computer. It raises questions about quality, labor, and human responsibility in translation.
Cultural translation: Cultural translation describes the negotiation and transformation of meaning across cultural boundaries. It broadens analysis beyond language transfer to cultural interpretation and exchange.
Interpreting: Interpreting conveys spoken or signed communication between languages in real time or near real time. It extends the field beyond written texts to live communication.
Interpretive theory of translation: The interpretive theory describes translation as understanding sense and re-expressing it in another language. It models translation as meaning-focused reformulation rather than word replacement.
Eugene Nida: Eugene Nida was an American linguist known for influential theories of Bible translation. His distinction between formal and dynamic equivalence shaped early debates about translation.
Audiovisual translation: Audiovisual translation makes screen media accessible across languages through methods such as subtitling and dubbing. It shows how translation responds to image, sound, timing, and screen constraints.
Translation and power: Translation and power examines how translation practices shape or reflect unequal social and political relations. It reveals how institutions and ideologies influence what gets translated and how.

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