Treaty of Allahabad

The 1765 agreements between Mughal emperor Shah Alam II and the East India Company granted the Company the diwani, or revenue-collecting rights, in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa.

Diwani: The right to collect land revenue and administer civil justice in a Mughal province. The treaty's central grant gave the Company diwani rights in three provinces.
Battle of Plassey: The 1757 battle in which Company forces defeated Siraj ud-Daulah, enabling the Company to dominate Bengal's politics. It began the Company's decisive political ascendancy in Bengal.
Bengal Presidency: A major administrative unit of British India that grew from the East India Company's possessions in Bengal. The treaty's revenue base helped underpin the Company's expanding territorial administration.
Allahabad: A historic city in northern India, now called Prayagraj, at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna rivers. The agreements were concluded there after the Company occupied the city.
East India Company: An English joint-stock company that acquired territorial and political power in South Asia. The Company became the beneficiary and administrator of the revenue rights.
Battle of Buxar: The 1764 battle in which Company forces defeated the combined armies of Shah Alam II, Shuja-ud-Daula, and Mir Qasim. The Company's victory created the military leverage behind the 1765 settlement.
Permanent Settlement: The 1793 land-revenue system in Bengal that fixed the revenue demand on zamindars and made it hereditary. It was a later, formalized approach to land revenue in the region the Company acquired.
Robert Clive: An East India Company officer and politician who helped establish Company power in Bengal. He negotiated the 1765 arrangements on the Company's behalf.
Shah Alam II: Mughal emperor from 1759 to 1806, whose authority survived amid the empire's political fragmentation. He issued the imperial grant that legitimized the Company's diwani.
Mir Qasim: The nawab of Bengal from 1760 to 1763, who fought the East India Company over its privileges and authority. His conflict with the Company helped lead to the alliance defeated at Buxar.

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