Treaty of Gandamak

The Treaty of Gandamak was an 1879 agreement between Afghanistan and Britain that ended the Second Anglo-Afghan War’s first phase and placed Afghan foreign relations under British control.

Second Anglo-Afghan War: A war fought between Britain and Afghanistan from 1878 to 1880 over British influence and Russian diplomacy. The treaty ended the war’s first phase, but resistance to its terms soon restarted fighting.
British Indian foreign policy: The policies through which the British Raj managed relations with neighboring states and imperial rivals. The agreement made Afghan external relations subject to this imperial policy framework.
Great Game: The nineteenth-century strategic rivalry between the British and Russian empires in Central Asia. British concern about Russian influence in Kabul helped drive the war and the treaty.
Mohammad Yaqub Khan: The emir of Afghanistan from 1879 to 1880, who signed the Treaty of Gandamak. He negotiated and signed the agreement under military pressure after succeeding his father.
Battle of Maiwand: An 1880 Afghan victory over British-led forces near Maiwand in southern Afghanistan. It became a defining Afghan success in the war that followed the treaty.
Khyber Pass: A mountain pass linking Afghanistan and Pakistan through the eastern Hindu Kush. The treaty granted Britain control over the pass and other strategic frontier routes.
Russian mission to Kabul: A Russian diplomatic mission that reached Kabul in 1878 during the reign of Sher Ali Khan. Its arrival sharpened British fears that Afghanistan was aligning with Russia.
Louis Cavagnari: A British diplomat who negotiated the Treaty of Gandamak and later led the British mission in Kabul. He represented Britain at the negotiations and was killed after the mission was attacked.
Battle of Kandahar: An 1880 British victory that ended Ayub Khan’s siege of Kandahar. This decisive campaign helped Britain withdraw after the treaty’s failure to secure lasting peace.
Kurram Valley: A mountain valley in present-day Pakistan bordering Afghanistan, historically important for access between the regions. The treaty transferred control of the valley to British India.

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