Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

The 1848 treaty that ended the Mexican–American War and transferred vast northern territories from Mexico to the United States.

Mexican Cession: The territory Mexico ceded to the United States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. This territorial transfer was the treaty’s largest geographic consequence.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Article VIII: The treaty article setting terms for Mexicans remaining in ceded territory and their property. It addressed residents’ choice of nationality and protection of property rights.
Mexican–American War: The 1846–1848 war between Mexico and the United States over territory and sovereignty. The treaty formally ended this conflict.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo land grants: Spanish and Mexican land titles in ceded territory whose claims were assessed under U.S. rule. The treaty promised property protection, but later legal processes often threatened landholders’ claims.
Rio Grande: A major river forming part of the boundary between the United States and Mexico. The treaty established the Rio Grande as the Texas boundary, replacing Mexico’s claim to the Nueces River.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Article IX: The treaty article concerning the incorporation and civil rights of Mexican residents in ceded territory. Its original citizenship guarantees were altered before the treaty was ratified.
Battle of Mexico City: The September 1847 U.S. victory that captured Mexico City during the Mexican–American War. The occupation of the capital put Mexico under pressure to negotiate peace.
U.S.–Mexico border: The international boundary separating the United States and Mexico. Its location and enforcement stem partly from the treaty and later boundary agreements.
Gadsden Purchase: The 1854 U.S. acquisition of land from Mexico in present-day southern Arizona and New Mexico. It later adjusted the boundary left unsettled by the treaty’s southern line.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo Article XII: The treaty article requiring the United States to pay Mexico fifteen million dollars. The payment was part of the agreed terms for Mexico’s territorial cession.

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