Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

A truce concluded in 628 CE between Muhammad’s community in Medina and the Quraysh of Mecca. It suspended hostilities and enabled Muslim pilgrims to visit Mecca the following year.

Muhammad: The religious and political leader of the early Muslim community in Arabia. He led the pilgrimage party and negotiated the truce with Meccan representatives.
Ten-year truce: The armistice provision in the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, which called for a decade without hostilities. It formally paused fighting between Muhammad’s community and the Quraysh.
Conquest of Mecca: The Muslim takeover of Mecca in 630 CE, after the Hudaybiyyah truce collapsed. The Quraysh-aligned Banu Bakr’s attack on the Khuza'a helped precipitate the truce’s end.
Sahih al-Bukhari: A major Sunni collection of hadith compiled by Muhammad al-Bukhari in the ninth century. Its reports preserve accounts of the negotiations and the companions’ reactions.
Quraysh: A powerful tribal confederation that controlled Mecca before its conquest by Muhammad’s forces. The Meccan confederation whose leaders negotiated with Muhammad’s community.
Pilgrimage of 629: The Muslim visit to Mecca in 629 CE, carried out under the Hudaybiyyah agreement. The truce deferred the pilgrims’ visit for a year, then permitted their return.
Banu Khuza'a: An Arabian tribe that allied with Muhammad’s community under the Hudaybiyyah agreement. Its conflict with Banu Bakr became central to the breakdown of the truce.
Tafsir: The interpretation and explanation of the Quran, including its language, context, and implications. Commentaries connect the Quran’s language of victory with the Hudaybiyyah agreement.
Medina: A city in western Arabia that became the center of Muhammad’s community after the Hijra. Muhammad’s community traveled from its base in Medina toward Mecca.
Tribal alliances in Arabia: Political and military partnerships among Arabian tribes, often organized around mutual protection and obligation. The treaty allowed tribes to ally with either party, extending its reach beyond Mecca and Medina.

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