Treaty of Nystad

The 1721 peace treaty that ended the Great Northern War between Sweden and Russia, confirming Russia’s acquisition of territories around the eastern Baltic.

Russian Empire: A Eurasian empire founded by Peter the Great in 1721 and ruled by Russian monarchs until 1917. The treaty’s territorial gains helped establish Russia as a major European power.
Great Northern War: A 1700–1721 conflict in which Russia and its allies challenged Sweden’s power in northern and eastern Europe. This was the war that the Treaty of Nystad formally ended.
Peace treaty: A formal agreement between parties that ends or suspends an armed conflict and sets terms for peace. Nystad belongs to the broader class of agreements that formally terminate wars.
Treaty of Westphalia: The 1648 peace settlement that ended the Thirty Years’ War in the Holy Roman Empire. Westphalia helped expand Sweden’s European position, which Nystad later sharply diminished.
Estonia: A country on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, occupying territory historically known as Estonia. Sweden ceded Estonia to Russia in the settlement.
Peter the Great: Tsar of Russia from 1682 and emperor from 1721, who transformed the state and expanded its influence. Peter led Russia through the war and accepted the peace terms that secured its Baltic gains.
Uusikaupunki: A coastal town in southwestern Finland, historically called Nystad in Swedish and Nystad in German. The negotiations took place in this town, which gave the treaty its common name.
Treaty of Nöteborg: A 1323 agreement between Sweden and Novgorod that established an early boundary in Karelia. Its medieval frontier provides a distant contrast to the territorial settlement made at Nystad.
Livonia: A historical region on the eastern Baltic coast, broadly covering present-day Latvia and southern Estonia. Russia acquired Swedish Livonia, including Riga, under the treaty.
Charles XII of Sweden: King of Sweden from 1697 to 1718, whose military campaigns shaped the early years of the Great Northern War. His reign saw Sweden’s initial resistance to the coalition that ultimately forced the settlement.

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