Treaty of Paris (1259)

The treaty in which Henry III of England renounced English claims to Normandy and other lands in northern France, while Louis IX recognized Henry’s possession of Gascony and granted him fiefs in southwestern France.

Henry III of England: King of England from 1216 to 1272 and a member of the Plantagenet dynasty. He renounced claims in northern France and accepted Louis IX as his feudal lord for lands retained in the southwest.
Angevin Empire: The collection of territories ruled by the Plantagenet dynasty across England and western France during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Its collapse left the English kings with contested continental possessions that the treaty addressed.
Gascon War: A conflict between England and France in 1294–1303 over the duchy of Gascony. The treaty’s feudal terms for Gascony later became a source of renewed conflict.
Normandy: A region in northwestern France whose dukes ruled England from 1066 until Philip II’s conquest in 1204. Henry formally abandoned the English claim to this former Plantagenet possession.
Louis IX of France: King of France from 1226 to 1270, later canonized as Saint Louis. He secured Henry’s renunciation of northern claims while granting him specified French fiefs.
Capetian–Plantagenet rivalry: The long political and military conflict between the French Capetian kings and the English Plantagenet rulers. The treaty was a negotiated settlement in this rivalry over sovereignty and territory.
Edward I of England: King of England from 1272 to 1307 and son of Henry III. He inherited the treaty’s obligations and negotiated disputes over homage and Gascony.
Anjou: A historic county in western France that became part of the French royal domain in the early thirteenth century. The treaty included Henry’s renunciation of claims to Anjou.
Duchy of Gascony: A duchy in southwestern France that remained under the English crown during the later Middle Ages. Henry retained Gascony under the settlement, holding it from the French king as a fief.
Capetian dynasty: A French royal dynasty that ruled from 987 to 1328, including Louis IX. Its kings had steadily expanded royal authority over former Plantagenet lands.

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