Turn-taking

Turn-taking is the organization of who speaks when in conversation. It coordinates transitions between speakers while allowing speech to overlap or gaps to occur.

Transition relevance place: A point in an utterance where a change of speaker could appropriately occur. These points create opportunities for listeners to begin a turn.
Conversation: An interaction in which participants communicate through spoken, signed, or other coordinated contributions. Turn-taking is one way conversation organizes contributions among participants.
Harvey Sacks: An American sociologist whose work helped establish conversation analysis and the systematic study of interaction. His research with collaborators developed the foundational account of turn organization.
Classroom discourse: Patterns of communication among teachers and students during classroom activity. Teacher questions and student responses distribute speaking rights in distinctive ways.
Parliamentary procedure: Formal rules for conducting meetings and deliberative assemblies. Unlike ordinary conversation, it allocates speaking rights through explicit institutional rules.
Turn-constructional unit: A stretch of talk that can form a recognizable conversational turn, such as a phrase, clause, or sentence. Its completion helps participants anticipate when a turn may end.
Turn (conversation): A participant's contribution to an interaction, extending from its beginning to its completion or transfer. Turn-taking concerns how conversational turns are allocated and exchanged.
Emanuel Schegloff: An American sociologist known for foundational research in conversation analysis and social interaction. His work helped formulate and extend the analysis of turn-taking.
Doctor-patient communication: Communication between healthcare professionals and patients during clinical encounters. Turn allocation can affect how symptoms, concerns, and advice enter the exchange.
Debate: A structured exchange in which participants argue for opposing positions under agreed formats or rules. Debate often restricts turn length and order more than everyday conversation.

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