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The 34 pages that link to Twelve-tone technique, each with the reason it gives.

• SerialismBroader topic: Its pitch rows provide serialism’s best-known model.

• Arnold SchoenbergBroader topic: Schoenberg’s best-known method systematized composition without a tonal center.

• AtonalityBroader topic: It is a systematic way to organize pitches while avoiding tonal hierarchy.

• Neoclassicism (music)Compared with: It offered a systematic modern alternative to neoclassical engagement with tonal forms.

• Chord progressionCompared with: It offers a systematic alternative to organizing music through tonal chord progressions.

• Tonal musicCompared with: Its systematic pitch ordering avoids the tonal hierarchy typical of tonal music.

• Pierre BoulezRelated: It supplied a systematic starting point for Boulez’s postwar compositional practice.

• Musical scaleCompared with: It avoids treating one scale or pitch as the work’s governing collection.

• Alban BergRelated: Berg adopted Schoenberg’s method but shaped its rows to support tonal and thematic associations.

• Second Viennese SchoolBroader topic: Schoenberg developed this method to structure music without a tonal hierarchy.

• Olivier MessiaenCompared with: Unlike strict twelve-tone practice, Messiaen’s harmony draws on modes that preserve recurring pitch relationships.

• American classical musicCompared with: Its European modernist roots contrast with composers’ use of tonal and vernacular materials.

• Anton WebernRelated: Webern used tone rows as tightly controlled sources for pitch and musical structure.

• Chromatic scaleRelated: It treats the chromatic collection as a basis for systematic composition.

• The Turn of the ScrewRelated: Britten’s recurring twelve-note theme supplies the opera’s structural and dramatic backbone.

• Pierrot LunaireCompared with: Schoenberg devised this systematic method after the freely atonal period represented by the cycle.

• IsorhythmCompared with: Its systematic recurrence concerns pitch ordering rather than isorhythm’s recurring rhythmic and melodic cycles.

• KlangfarbenmelodieCompared with: It regulates pitch succession, unlike Klangfarbenmelodie’s focus on changing timbral sources.

• Musical modernismBroader topic: It offered a systematic way to compose without a tonal hierarchy.

• LuluRelated: Berg uses ordered pitch material to shape the opera’s musical relationships.

• Witold LutosławskiRelated: Lutosławski adapted serial pitch organization without adopting its strictest procedures.

• WozzeckCompared with: Unlike later serial works, Wozzeck is not composed throughout by twelve-tone technique.

• Aesthetic TheoryBroader topic: Its rigorous organization exemplifies the tensions Adorno finds in modern musical form.

• Entartete MusikBroader topic: Schoenberg’s method exemplified the modernist techniques attacked by the regime.

• Frank ZappaRelated: Zappa’s compositional practice included serial techniques alongside tonal and popular idioms.

• Tone rowNarrower topic: Tone rows are the central organizing device of this compositional method.

• Luciano BerioNarrower topic: This technique provided an early compositional framework that Berio later adapted and exceeded.

• Iannis XenakisCompared with: Xenakis’s stochastic pitch organization offered a different basis from fixed pitch rows.

• Milton BabbittRelated: Its pitch rows supplied the foundation for Babbitt’s more comprehensive serial systems.

• 20th-century classical musicCompared with: It is one specific method, distinct from the broader range of twentieth-century styles.

• Expressionist musicCompared with: It offered Schoenberg a later systematic alternative to free atonality, not a defining feature of expressionism.

• Isang YunRelated: Yun absorbed serial techniques while reshaping them around expressive lines and timbres.

• Music and mathematicsBroader topic: Its row operations use systematic permutations to shape pitch relationships.

• Neue MusikBroader topic: Arnold Schoenberg developed it to organize music without traditional tonality.