Unicode

Unicode is a computing standard that assigns code points to characters and symbols across writing systems, enabling consistent text representation and exchange.

Unicode code point: A number assigned by Unicode to represent an abstract character or other encoded element. Code points are Unicode’s basic identifiers, distinct from the bytes used to store text.
Grapheme cluster: A sequence of code points treated as one user-perceived character in text processing. A single displayed character may combine a base letter with marks or other code points.
Unicode Consortium: The nonprofit organization that develops and publishes the Unicode Standard. The consortium coordinates the standard’s revisions and character assignments.
Internationalization and localization: Practices for designing software to support different languages, regions, and cultural conventions. Unicode provides the shared text foundation that makes multilingual software practical.
Unicode character: An abstract textual unit represented in Unicode, such as a letter, digit, or symbol. Unicode assigns code points to characters, though a visible character can require several code points.
Combining character: A Unicode character that modifies a preceding character, often by adding an accent or other mark. Combining characters let Unicode represent many accented forms without separate precomposed code points.
Joe Becker: An American engineer who proposed a universal character encoding project that led to Unicode. His 1988 proposal helped establish the project’s goal of encoding the world’s scripts.
Web standards: Technical specifications that define how web content is represented and exchanged. Web technologies rely on Unicode for interoperable text content.
UTF-8: A variable-width Unicode encoding that represents each code point using one to four bytes. It is the most widely used encoding for storing and transmitting Unicode text.
Unicode bidirectional algorithm: The algorithm that determines display order for mixed right-to-left and left-to-right text. Unicode text can mix scripts whose reading directions differ.

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