Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains are a north–south mountain range in western Russia, extending from the Arctic coast toward Kazakhstan. They are traditionally regarded as the boundary between Europe and Asia.

Ural River: A river flowing from the southern Ural Mountains through Kazakhstan to the Caspian Sea. Its course extends the traditional Europe–Asia boundary southward beyond the mountain range.
Mining in the Urals: The extraction of metals and minerals from deposits across the Ural region. Rich ore deposits made the range a major center of Russian mining.
Continental collision: The tectonic convergence of continental plates that can thicken crust and build mountain ranges. Collision between ancient landmasses generated the Uralian mountain belt.
Caucasus Mountains: A mountain range between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, often included in proposed Europe–Asia boundaries. Some boundary schemes use the Caucasus rather than the Kuma–Manych Depression.
West Siberian Plain: A vast lowland east of the Ural Mountains, extending across western Siberia. It forms the broad, low-relief landscape immediately beyond the range’s eastern side.
Yekaterinburg: A major Russian city founded in 1723 on the eastern side of the Ural Mountains. It grew as an industrial and administrative center at the Europe–Asia divide.
Pangaea: An ancient supercontinent that assembled most of Earth’s landmasses during the late Paleozoic. The Uralian collision helped join landmasses that became part of Pangaea.
Kuma–Manych Depression: A low-lying corridor north of the Caucasus that has been proposed as the Europe–Asia boundary. It is an alternative southern segment in boundary schemes that use the Urals farther north.
East European Plain: A large plain stretching across eastern Europe and reaching the Ural Mountains. It approaches the range from the west, making the Urals a clear physical divide.
Magnitogorsk: A Russian industrial city in the southern Urals, known for its iron and steel production. Its steel industry developed around the region’s iron ore resources.

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