Veterinary epidemiology

Veterinary epidemiology studies the distribution, causes, and control of disease in animal populations, including diseases that can spread between animals and people.

Incidence (epidemiology): The rate at which new cases arise in a population during a specified period. Measures how quickly disease is appearing in an animal population.
Veterinary public health: The field applying veterinary science to protect human health and community well-being. Connects animal disease patterns with risks to people and communities.
Population: A defined group of individuals considered together for a particular study or purpose. Epidemiological conclusions depend on which animals count as the population.
Veterinary medicine: The branch of medicine concerned with preventing, diagnosing, and treating disease and injury in animals. Clinical practice focuses on individual patients, while epidemiology examines populations.
Prevalence: The proportion of a population affected by a condition at a specified time or over a period. Shows the burden of disease among animals at a defined time.
One Health: An approach recognizing that human, animal, plant, and environmental health are interconnected. Places animal-population studies within a shared health framework.
Risk factor: A characteristic or exposure associated with an increased probability of an outcome. Frames candidate causes to investigate in animal disease patterns.
Veterinary pathology: The study of disease processes in animals through tissue, organ, and laboratory examination. Pathology investigates disease in specimens; epidemiology studies its population distribution and causes.
Case-control study: An observational study comparing people or animals with a condition to those without it, examining prior exposures. Can identify animal-level exposures associated with disease.
Zoonosis: An infectious disease that can be transmitted naturally between vertebrate animals and humans. Animal surveillance can reveal infections with human health implications.

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