Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar (1883–1966) was an Indian nationalist, writer, and political thinker who developed Hindutva and supported armed resistance to British rule. British authorities imprisoned him for revolutionary activities.

Abhinav Bharat Society: A secret revolutionary society founded in 1904 by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh in India. Savarkar helped build this organization before his arrest and transportation to the Andamans.
Hindutva: A political ideology that defines Indian national identity through a shared Hindu civilizational heritage. Savarkar gave the term its influential modern political formulation.
Ganesh Damodar Savarkar: An Indian revolutionary and elder brother of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar who helped organize anti-colonial activism. Ganesh shared Savarkar’s early revolutionary work and was imprisoned by the British.
Hindu Mahasabha: An Indian political organization founded to represent Hindu interests that became active in the early twentieth century. Savarkar served as its president from 1937 to 1943 and promoted Hindu political consolidation.
India House: A London residence and political center for Indian students that became a hub of anti-colonial activism in the early twentieth century. Savarkar organized Indian students and nationalist activity there while studying in London.
Hindu nationalism: A political tradition that treats Hindu identity and civilization as central to Indian national belonging. Savarkar’s account of the nation became a foundational expression of this tradition.
Mahatma Gandhi: An Indian anti-colonial leader who advocated mass nonviolent resistance and religious pluralism. Gandhi’s methods and pluralist nationalism sharply differed from Savarkar’s politics.
Essentials of Hindutva: A 1923 political pamphlet by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar that set out his conception of Hindutva. This text presents his most influential argument about Hindu identity and Indian nationhood.
Madan Lal Dhingra: An Indian revolutionary who assassinated British official William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in London in 1909. Dhingra was associated with the London circle around India House that Savarkar influenced.
Hindu: A term for people associated with Hindu religious traditions, whose meanings have varied across history and context. Savarkar used a broad cultural definition of Hindu identity in his theory of nationhood.

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