War crimes trials

War crimes trials are legal proceedings that determine individual responsibility for serious violations of the laws and customs of war. They may be conducted by national courts, international tribunals, or mixed courts.

International criminal law: The body of law governing individual criminal responsibility for offenses recognized by the international community. It supplies the legal framework for prosecuting crimes committed during armed conflict.
Leipzig war crimes trials: Post–World War I proceedings in Germany that tried a small number of accused for violations of the laws of war. They were an early attempt to prosecute wartime offenses in national courts.
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia: A United Nations tribunal that prosecuted crimes committed during the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia from 1991 onward. Its judgments developed doctrines on sexual violence, command responsibility, and crimes against civilians.
Military courts: Courts organized within a state's armed forces to adjudicate offenses under military law. They may prosecute wartime misconduct, but their jurisdiction and procedures differ from international tribunals.
Victim participation in the International Criminal Court: Procedural rights allowing victims to present views and concerns in proceedings before the International Criminal Court. The ICC gives victims a role beyond appearing solely as witnesses.
Command responsibility: A mode of liability holding commanders responsible for crimes they knew or should have known subordinates would commit and failed to prevent or punish. It connects battlefield crimes to commanders who failed to control their forces.
Nuremberg trials: The post–World War II proceedings in which Allied tribunals prosecuted leading Nazi officials and other defendants. They established a landmark model for individual criminal accountability after war.
International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: A United Nations tribunal established to prosecute crimes committed in Rwanda in 1994. Its cases addressed genocide and sexual violence alongside violations of the laws of war.
Domestic war crimes prosecution: A national criminal proceeding that applies domestic or incorporated international law to alleged war crimes. National courts can prosecute where international tribunals lack jurisdiction or defer to domestic proceedings.
Reparations in international criminal law: Measures ordered or awarded to address harm suffered by victims of international crimes. Some judgments connect individual convictions to compensation, restitution, or rehabilitation for victims.

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