War of Jenkins' Ear

A conflict between Britain and Spain that began in 1739 over trade, maritime rights, and colonial rivalry in the Americas. It merged into the wider War of the Austrian Succession.

Asiento: A contract granting a party the right to supply enslaved Africans to Spanish America. Britain's asiento rights, granted by the Treaty of Utrecht, became a flashpoint in disputes over Spanish trade.
Battle of Cartagena de Indias: A 1741 British amphibious assault on the Spanish port of Cartagena de Indias that ended in failure. This major expedition became the war's defining British defeat in the Caribbean.
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: The 1748 peace treaty that ended the War of the Austrian Succession and restored many captured territories. It formally closed the wider war into which the Anglo-Spanish conflict had been absorbed.
War of the Spanish Succession: A European and colonial war fought from 1701 to 1714 over who would inherit the Spanish throne. It ended with settlements that shaped Britain's trade rights and later disputes with Spain.
Spanish Coast Guard: Spanish maritime forces that inspected and seized foreign ships suspected of illegal trade in Spanish America. Their searches of British vessels fueled complaints about maritime rights and mistreatment.
Siege of Cartagena de Indias: The prolonged 1741 British attempt to capture Cartagena de Indias, defended by Spanish forces under Blas de Lezo. Its disease, logistical failures, and Spanish resistance explain why Britain's largest campaign collapsed.
War of Jenkins' Ear (theater of the War of the Austrian Succession): The colonial and maritime phase of the War of the Austrian Succession fought chiefly between Britain and Spain. This wider framing explains why the conflict continued after its original Anglo-Spanish casus belli faded.
Seven Years' War: A global conflict fought from 1756 to 1763 among major European powers and their empires. Its much broader scale shows how imperial warfare expanded in the decades after this conflict.
Treaty of Seville: A 1729 agreement between Britain and Spain that attempted to settle disputes over trade and colonial access. Its unresolved tensions helped set the stage for the later conflict.
Edward Vernon: A British admiral and politician who led major naval operations against Spanish Caribbean ports. His attack on Portobelo opened the war with a celebrated British victory.

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