William III of England

William III was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 until 1702 and stadtholder of the Dutch Republic. He ruled jointly with Mary II until her death in 1694.

House of Orange-Nassau: A European royal dynasty whose members ruled the Dutch Republic and later the Netherlands. William inherited the Orange title and Dutch political standing through this dynasty.
Bill of Rights 1689: An English statute that limited royal powers and established parliamentary rights after the Revolution of 1688. It defined constitutional limits under which William accepted the crown.
James II of England: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 until his deposition in 1688. William replaced his father-in-law after James's policies provoked opposition.
Parliamentary sovereignty: The principle that Parliament has supreme legal authority within the constitutional system of the United Kingdom. The post-Revolution settlement strengthened Parliament's role in determining royal authority.
William II, Prince of Orange: Dutch stadtholder and prince of Orange who died in 1650, eight days before his son William was born. His posthumous son inherited the Orange title and entered a contested political legacy.
Convention Parliament: The English Parliament summoned without a royal writ in 1689, which declared James II had abdicated. It converted the Revolution's outcome into a parliamentary settlement of the crown.
Louis XIV: King of France from 1643 to 1715, whose expansionist policies shaped European conflicts. Louis was William's principal military and diplomatic adversary.
Toleration Act 1689: An English statute granting limited freedom of worship to many Protestant dissenters while retaining restrictions. It marked a religious policy shift under William and Mary without establishing full toleration.
Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange: The English daughter of Charles I who married William II, Prince of Orange, and was William III's mother. Her English Stuart ancestry connected William to the royal family he later displaced.
Coronation Oath Act 1688: An English statute revising the monarch's coronation oath to promise governance according to statutes and laws. The revised oath expressed the legal terms of William and Mary's accession.

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