Linked from

The 24 pages that link to X-ray spectroscopy, each with the reason it gives.

• Atomic numberRelated: Characteristic X-ray energies can be used to determine an element’s atomic number.

• X-ray astronomyRelated: Photon energies reveal temperatures, chemical elements, and processes in distant sources.

• Chandra X-ray ObservatoryRelated: Chandra’s grating spectra let astronomers diagnose the physical conditions of energetic cosmic sources.

• Intracluster mediumRelated: Line strengths and shapes reveal the medium’s temperature, composition, and motions.

• William Henry BraggRelated: Bragg’s early studies of X-ray spectra helped lead toward his later crystallographic research.

• X-ray telescopeRelated: Energy-resolved measurements reveal the elements, temperatures, and physical conditions of emitting sources.

• Scorpius X-1Related: Its bright emission allows detailed study of the hot gas around the neutron star.

• HafniumRelated: Characteristic X-ray lines provided the evidence for hafnium’s discovery.

• Ida NoddackRelated: The Noddacks used characteristic X-ray lines to identify rhenium.

• Walter McCroneRelated: Elemental analysis helped characterize tiny pigment particles in McCrone’s investigations.

• Astrophysical X-ray sourceRelated: Spectral lines and continua reveal source temperatures, composition, and motion.

• Charles BarklaRelated: Barkla’s measurements helped establish X-rays as a tool for studying atomic structure.

• Gamma CassiopeiaeRelated: Its measurements help distinguish competing explanations for the star’s high-energy emission.

• High-energy-density plasmaRelated: X-ray spectra reveal temperature, density, and ionization in otherwise inaccessible plasmas.