Yassa

Yassa was a body of Mongol laws and customary rules associated with Genghis Khan and his successors. Its contents and degree of codification remain disputed because no complete contemporary text survives.

Genghis Khan: Genghis Khan (c. 1162–1227) founded the Mongol Empire and united Mongol groups under his rule. Later accounts connect the Yassa’s establishment to his authority and commands.
Mongol customary law: Mongol customary law consists of unwritten norms and practices governing social and political life among Mongol communities. Customary rules may underlie parts of what accounts call the Yassa.
Yassa historiography: Yassa historiography examines how historians have reconstructed and interpreted the Mongol legal tradition called the Yassa. Scholars dispute whether the sources describe one code, several decrees, or customary practice.
Pax Mongolica: Pax Mongolica describes the relative stability and connectivity across parts of Eurasia under Mongol rule in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Accounts of shared rules often connect the Yassa with imperial order and communication.
Mongol Empire: The Mongol Empire was a Eurasian empire founded by Genghis Khan in the early thirteenth century. The Yassa is associated with governing this expanding empire and its successor states.
Yarlik: A yarlik is an official decree or command issued by a ruler in Mongol and related political traditions. Individual decrees can be confused with, or treated as elements of, the Yassa.
Mongol chronicles: Mongol chronicles are historical narratives produced in Mongolian and neighboring literary traditions about Mongol rulers and events. Their varying accounts shape what can be known about the Yassa.
Mongol religious policy: Mongol religious policy generally permitted diverse faiths and often employed religious specialists in imperial service. Religious tolerance is among the policies sometimes attributed to the Yassa.
Mongol law: Mongol law comprises legal practices and norms used by Mongol communities and states across different periods. The Yassa is one contested component of the wider history of Mongol legal practice.
Töre: Töre is a Turkic-Mongolic concept of customary order, law, and political tradition. The concept helps explain how inherited norms could operate alongside a ruler’s commands.

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