Caesarean section

A surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the pregnant person’s abdomen and uterus. It may be planned or performed when labor creates urgent risks.

Lower-segment caesarean section: A caesarean operation in which the uterine incision is made in its lower segment. This is the usual surgical approach because the lower uterine segment is relatively thin.
Breech birth: Birth in which a baby presents buttocks or feet first rather than head first. A breech presentation can lead to planned caesarean delivery, depending on circumstances and preferences.
Vaginal birth: The birth of a baby through the vagina rather than through abdominal and uterine surgery. It is the principal alternative to caesarean delivery, with different risks and recovery.
Postpartum hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding after childbirth, which can require urgent treatment. Caesarean delivery carries bleeding risks, and hemorrhage may complicate or follow the operation.
Ancient Roman law: The body of legal rules and institutions governing ancient Rome. The term caesarean is often linked to Roman birth laws, though its precise origin remains uncertain.
Spinal anesthesia: A regional anesthetic produced by injecting medication into cerebrospinal fluid in the lower back. It commonly allows the pregnant person to remain awake while pain is blocked during surgery.
Placenta previa: A pregnancy complication in which the placenta lies over or near the cervical opening. When it obstructs the birth canal, caesarean delivery is generally required.
Trial of labor after caesarean: An attempt to give birth vaginally after a previous caesarean delivery. It offers a possible vaginal birth in a later pregnancy, balanced against risks of uterine rupture.
Surgical site infection: An infection involving an incision made during surgery. The abdominal incision can become infected during postoperative healing.
Lex Caesarea: A Roman law traditionally associated with removing a fetus from a deceased pregnant person. It is one proposed source of the name, not proof that Julius Caesar was born surgically.

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