Concordat

A concordat is a formal agreement between the Holy See and a state that regulates matters concerning the Catholic Church, such as church appointments, education, and property.

Holy See: The central governing authority of the Catholic Church, headed by the pope and distinct from Vatican City as a state. The Holy See is the Church authority that concludes concordats with states.
Concordat of Worms: The 1122 settlement between Pope Calixtus II and Emperor Henry V over the appointment of bishops in the Holy Roman Empire. It resolved a central medieval dispute over whether rulers or the Church controlled episcopal appointments.
Investiture Controversy: The eleventh- and twelfth-century conflict over whether secular rulers or the Church could appoint bishops and abbots. The struggle over appointments produced the political setting for the Concordat of Worms.
Modus vivendi: A provisional arrangement that regulates relations between parties without necessarily settling them permanently. A modus vivendi can manage church–state relations temporarily where no lasting concordat is concluded.
Diplomatic law: The body of law governing relations and communications between states and other international actors. Concordats function as negotiated instruments in the Holy See’s diplomatic relations.
Concordat of Bologna: The 1516 agreement between Pope Leo X and King Francis I that regulated church appointments and revenues in France. It shows a concordat granting the French crown substantial influence over church appointments.
Pope Gregory VII: The pope from 1073 to 1085 who advanced papal authority and challenged secular control over ecclesiastical appointments. His reforms intensified the investiture conflict that helped establish concordats as settlements.
Unilateral church–state legislation: A law governing religious institutions that a state enacts without negotiating a bilateral agreement with the Holy See. Unlike a concordat, this form derives from state action rather than mutual agreement.
Treaty: A formal agreement between subjects of international law that creates obligations governed by international law. Concordats are a specialized form of agreement with treaty-like legal force.
Concordat of 1801: The agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that re-established relations between France and the Catholic Church. It reshaped Catholic institutions in France after the Revolution without restoring their former property.

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