Linked from

The 16 pages that link to Counterfactual, each with the reason it gives.

• Causal inferenceRelated: Causal effects compare observed outcomes with the unobserved alternatives for the same units.

• Opportunity costRelated: Opportunity cost depends on an unchosen outcome that cannot be observed directly.

• CausalityRelated: Causal effects can be defined by comparing an outcome with its counterfactual alternative.

• ConfoundingRelated: Causal effects compare counterfactual outcomes that confounding makes difficult to recover.

• Olympic legacyRelated: Estimating legacy requires separating Olympic effects from changes that would have occurred anyway.

• Program evaluationRelated: Causal evaluation needs an estimate of what outcomes would have been without the intervention.

• Thought experimentRelated: Thought experiments often change one condition to see how a theory's consequences shift.

• Excess mortalityRelated: Expected deaths represent a modeled counterfactual, not a directly observed count.

• AdditionalityRelated: Additionality compares observed outcomes with the counterfactual in which the intervention did not happen.

• Grammatical moodRelated: Counterfactual constructions show how grammatical marking can frame events as contrary to reality.

• Control groupRelated: The control group helps estimate the untreated outcome that intervention participants cannot directly reveal.

• Fine-tuningRelated: Fine-tuning claims depend on hypothetical universes with altered parameters.

• Ceteris paribusRelated: Ceteris paribus reasoning often compares a situation with a hypothetical change in one factor.

• ExplanationRelated: Counterfactual tests help identify which factors an explanation treats as causally relevant.

• Correlation does not imply causationRelated: Causal effects compare an outcome with the unobserved alternative for the same unit.