Ferdinand Marcos

Ferdinand Marcos was president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. His rule became authoritarian after he declared martial law in 1972 and ended when a popular uprising drove him from power.

Proclamation No. 1081: The 1972 Philippine proclamation that placed the country under martial law. Marcos used it to establish military rule and extend his tenure beyond constitutional limits.
People Power Revolution: The mostly nonviolent 1986 uprising that ended Marcos’s rule and restored democratic government in the Philippines. Mass protest and defections from the military forced Marcos to leave office.
Imelda Marcos: A Philippine political figure, former first lady, and wife of Ferdinand Marcos. She held public influence during his presidency and remained politically active after his ouster.
Philippine democracy: The system of representative government and constitutional rule established in the Philippines after the Marcos era. Marcos’s authoritarian government suspended democratic freedoms and institutions.
1987 Philippine Constitution: The constitution adopted after the fall of Marcos that restored democratic institutions and set limits on presidential power. Its safeguards responded to abuses under Marcos, including prolonged martial law.
Presidency of Corazon Aquino: The Philippine presidency of Corazon Aquino from 1986 to 1992, following Marcos’s removal from power. Aquino’s administration sought to restore democratic institutions after Marcos’s authoritarian rule.
Benigno Aquino Jr.: A Philippine opposition leader and senator assassinated at Manila airport in 1983 after returning from exile. His killing intensified opposition to Marcos and helped trigger the regime’s final crisis.
Marcos dictatorship: The authoritarian political system built under Ferdinand Marcos, especially during and after martial law. This label emphasizes concentrated power and repression rather than constitutional titles.
Crony capitalism: An economic system in which business success depends heavily on close ties to political power. Marcos’s allies gained state-backed advantages, concentrating wealth and influence around his regime.
Presidential Commission on Good Government: A Philippine government agency established in 1986 to recover wealth allegedly acquired illicitly by Marcos and his associates. It pursued assets tied to Marcos after his government fell.

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