Giuseppe Garibaldi

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was an Italian general and nationalist whose military campaigns helped unify Italy. His volunteer forces, especially the Redshirts, made him a leading figure in the Risorgimento.

Expedition of the Thousand: Garibaldi’s 1860 campaign in Sicily and southern Italy, which helped bring the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies into a unified Italy. His most consequential campaign, launched with roughly a thousand volunteers.
Giuseppe Mazzini: An Italian nationalist and republican who helped inspire the Risorgimento and founded Young Italy. Mazzini’s republican ideas shaped Garibaldi’s early political commitments.
Risorgimento: The nineteenth-century political and social movement that led to the unification of Italy. Garibaldi became one of the movement’s best-known military leaders.
Papal States: A territory in central Italy governed by the pope until its annexation by the Kingdom of Italy in 1870. Garibaldi’s repeated attempts to take Rome challenged papal temporal rule.
Battle of Calatafimi: A 1860 battle in Sicily in which Garibaldi’s volunteers defeated a larger Neapolitan force. The victory helped open Garibaldi’s route toward Palermo.
Victor Emmanuel II: King of Sardinia and, from 1861, the first king of unified Italy. Garibaldi handed his southern conquests to the monarch to advance unification.
Young Italy: A nationalist political organization founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to promote a united Italian republic. Its republican cause drew Garibaldi into revolutionary politics.
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies: A state in southern Italy ruled by the Bourbon dynasty until its conquest and annexation in 1860–1861. Garibaldi overthrew this kingdom during the Expedition of the Thousand.
Siege of Palermo: A 1860 uprising and military campaign that ended with Garibaldi’s forces capturing Palermo from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Its capture turned the Sicilian campaign into a popular revolt.
Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour: The statesman who led Piedmont-Sardinia’s diplomacy and helped establish the Kingdom of Italy. Cavour’s state-led strategy often clashed with Garibaldi’s revolutionary methods.

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